Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Surgical Traction

ABSTRACT

Apparatus is described for measuring and displaying the magnitude of traction forces applied to a patient&#39;s lower limbs during surgery, and for measuring the direction and magnitude of counter-traction forces applied to the patient&#39;s body by the perineal post located at the patient&#39;s groin to oppose traction forces applied to the patient&#39;s lower limbs.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the medical field, and more particularly to apparatus and method for monitoring the traction force applied to limbs during orthopaedic surgery, where traction is applied between a patient's foot or leg and a restraining post located at the patient's groin. The invention teaches monitoring and displaying both the force applied to the patient's legs and the magnitude and direction of the force applied to the patient's groin in order to limit the risk of injury to the patient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the treatment of certain medical conditions it is desirable to provide a traction force to a patient's limb or limbs. Examples include distraction of the hip for hip arthroscopy or distraction of fractures of the leg bones in order to re-align the broken bones to ensure correct healing (‘fracture reduction’). In each of these cases, tension is applied to the patient's lower limb or foot. In order to maintain the traction force, it is necessary to apply a counter-force to prevent the patient's body being pulled off the operating table.

Various means have been developed to apply this counter-traction force, including harnesses and patient positions that use the patient's weight as the counter-force, however the most common approach is to provide a cylindrical post (called a ‘perineal post’) located at the patient's groin. In this position, traction force is usually applied to both the operative and non-operative limb to prevent the patient's pelvis rotating about the perineal post.

Examples of such apparatus are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,697,121 (Knebel), 2,658,507 (Neufeld) and numerous others, generally called ‘fracture tables’. Variations of fracture tables provide means to apply and adjust traction forces using screw mechanisms or suspended weights (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,802,464 (Deprez) and 3,088,460 (Wright)).

Although this technique for applying limb traction has been in use for more than 100 years, it still presents a risk of significant injury to the patient. Anatomical structures in the groin in both the male and female are delicate and can suffer grievous injury if the perineal post applied force directly along the midline. In males, damage to the perineal nerve can cause loss of sensation in the penis, whereas in the female, damage to the labia can result.

For this reason, the perineal post is generally well padded and located off-centre in the patient's groin to avoid direct application of the traction force to the mid-line of the patient's groin. Various types of perineal posts are known in the art, all generally intended to distribute the force on the perineum over a large area to minimize the pressure applied to the patient's tissue.

A common failing of all fracture tables and perineal posts know in the art is that there is no means to measure and display the force being applied to the perineum, nor the direction of the force, during surgery. Distal traction devices such as screws or weights can easily be (and sometimes are) equipped with indicating scales to show the amount of traction force applied. Unfortunately, such indicating scales are usually not visible during surgery as they are under the surgical drapes or otherwise obscured, and do not indicate the magnitude or direction of the force applied to the patient's groin. Furthermore, during the course of surgery, it may be necessary to alter the direction or magnitude of the traction force applied to the patient's limb in order to provide visualization of or access to the surgical site. When such changes in the direction and magnitude of the traction force are made, these indicating scales do not provide adequate feedback to the surgeon.

In summary, current fracture tables depend on traction applied through the lower limb, countered by a perineal post. In the surgical setting, there is no indication of the traction force applied to the operative or non-operative limb visible to the surgeon, nor is there any indication of the counter-traction force applied by the perineal post or the direction of the force applied to the patient's groin.

The object of the current invention is to provide means for measuring and displaying to a surgeon the traction force applied to the patient's operative and non-operative limbs, to measure and display the counter-traction force applied to the patient's perineum by the perineal post, and to provide an indication as to the direction of application of the force to the patient's perineum by the perineal post. This will ensure that the surgeon is aware if the traction force as applied from time to time during surgery is exceeding acceptable limits, or if the direction of the force applied to the patient's perineum by the perineal post poses a risk to the fragile structures of the patient's groin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and to the drawings, wherein

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a typical position for a patient on a fracture table.

FIG. 2 depicts a perineal post in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a typical mechanism for applying traction force to a patient's foot.

FIG. 4 illustrates a force sensing module in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 5 depicts a computer touch screen for receiving and displaying force data in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a typical information display as it would appear on the computer touch screen of FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a typical position for a patient undergoing surgery that requires traction to the lower extremity. Patient 10 is positioned on operating table 12 in the supine position. The patient's feet are put into patient applied parts 14, which in this embodiment are boot-like devices which provide a means to apply tension to the lower limb along the axis of the limb by pulling on the feet. These patient applied parts are connected to traction application devices 16, which in this embodiment are screw-thread devices which are disposed to move patient applied parts 14 towards or away from the patient's body in order to increase or decrease the traction force applied to the lower limbs.

Traction application devices 16 are connected to support arms 17 which are in turn connected to the body of operating table 12 so that turning the screw thread of traction application device 16 will apply a force generally along the axis of the patient's leg with respect to operating table 12.

To prevent patient 10 from being pulled along the surface of operating table 12 upon application of the traction force, perineal post 18 is mounted to operating table 12 and is located in the patient's groin. Perineal post 18 provides a counter force to the force applied to the patient's legs by traction application devices 16, thereby preventing the movement of patient 10's body in the direction of the applied traction force. In this way, significantly large tension forces can be created in the lower limbs of patient 10.

It should be noted that traction can be applied to patient 10's lower limbs in other orientations using a substantially similar apparatus. For example, patient 10 could be positioned in a prone position, or in a lateral position while allowing and traction to be applied to the lower limbs in a similar manner. Further, although the current embodiment uses a boot-like apparatus to apply traction force through the feet, it is known in the art to insert a pin crosswise through the bones of the lower limb and connect this pin to traction application devices 16 to apply traction force directly to the bones of patient 10. Such variations in technique do not substantially change the function or intent of the present invention.

Returning now to the configuration of FIG. 1, perineal post 18 is usually positioned to one side or the other of the mid-line of patient 10's body. This ensures that the force applied by perineal post 18 is not applied directly to patient 10's groin, which has the potential to cause injury. Further, when applying traction force with traction application devices 16, more traction may be applied to one of patient 10's legs than the other in order to rotate patient 10's pelvis and direct the force applied by perineal post 18 away from patient 10's mid line.

FIG. 2 is a side view of perineal post 18. In the current invention, perineal post 18 is equipped with four strain gages 20, attached to perineal post 18 as two sets of opposing pairs, each located 90 degrees apart and covered with padding 19. This arrange of strain gages 20 permits measuring the amount of strain experienced by the perineal post along two generally perpendicular axes, each pair of strain gages 20 providing opposing strain sensing to maximize sensitivity. The perpendicular axes ensure that forces applied to perineal post 18 by the body of patient 10 can be resolved into a vector in the plane of operating table 12.

Common conductive foil type strain gages are used in the preferred embodiment. These strain gages consist of a conductive foil pattern on a flexible backing, which is glued to perineal post 18 using cyanoacrylate adhesive. When a bending moment is applied to perineal post 18, this causes a very slight deformation of perineal post 18, which in turn causes deformation of strain gages 20. This deformation results in a very slight change in the electrical resistance of the conductive foil pattern, which is proportional to the deformation and hence the bending moment applied to perineal post 18. The signals generated by strain gages 20 are thus proportional to the bending moments applied to the post.

Strain gages 20 are connected to amplifying and transmitting circuitry 22 which serves to amplify the signals generated by strain gages 20, convert the resulting analog signals to digital signals and transmit these signals over a wireless connection.

As is known in the art, such an arrangement of strain gages can be calibrated by adjusting the gain of the amplifier stage of circuitry 22 so that a known force applied to perineal post 18 results in a specific output level. In this way, the output signal can be correlated with the force applied to perineal post 18.

FIG. 3 is a lateral view of one of traction application devices 16 connected to patient applied part 14 which in turn is connected to the foot of patient 10 with straps 15. Connected between patient applied part 14 and traction application device 16 is load cell 24, hereinafter described.

Referring to FIG. 4, load cell 24 is disposed to be connected between patient applied parts 14 and traction application devices 16 using mechanical connections 23 and 25 respectively. Load cell 24 converts tension force into an electronic signal. This signal is directed to amplifying and transmitting circuitry 26 which serves to amplify the signals generated by load cell 24, convert the resulting analog signals to digital signals and transmit these signals over a wireless connection.

FIG. 5 shows display device 28. Display device 28 incorporates a computing device, means for receiving the wireless signals from circuitry 22 and circuitry 26, enabling display device 28 to receive signals representative of the direction and magnitude of the force applied to perineal post 18, and to receive signals representative of the magnitude of the forces applied along the longitudinal axes of load cells 24.

Display device 28 incorporates a software program to analyse the signals representative of the forces applied to perineal post 18 and load cells 24, and display 30 to display the magnitude of the forces in graphical and numeric form. Further, the software program displays the direction of the force applied to perineal post 18 in the plane of operating table 10 and with respect to the mid-line of patient 10's body.

FIG. 6 shows a typical display as might be shown on display device 28. Force direction vector 32 on display 30 represents the magnitude and direction of the force applied by perineal post 18 to patient 10's body. Body outline 34 provides a reference for determining the direction of force direction vector 32 with respect to patient 10's mid-line. Indicators 36 display a graphical representation of the force applied to the right and left leg of patient 10 and the net force applied to perineal post 18. Numeric displays 38 show the numerical value of the forces applied to the right and left leg of patient 10 and the net force applied to perineal post 18.

In another aspect, the software program provides a means to provide visual and audible alarms should any of the forces detected by strain gages 20 attached to perineal post 18 or load cells 24 exceed pre-set limits.

In yet another aspect, display device 28 incorporates computer memory which is disposed to record the forces detected by strain gages 20 and load cells 24 at regular intervals so that a historical record of the forces and force vector applied to patient 10 may be kept.

In typical use, patient 10 is placed on operating table 12 in a supine position such that perineal post 18 is located in patient 10's groin. Load cells 24 are mechanically attached to traction application devices 16 and to patient applied parts 14. Patient 10's feet are placed into patient applied parts 14 and strapped into place with straps 15.

Display device 28 is placed in a location within view of the surgeon and turned on. Display device 28 receives signals from circuitry 22 and 26, analyses the signals to extract data representing the force measured by load cells 24 and strain gages 20, and displays this force data and the force vector determined by vector addition of the perpendicular forces measured by the two pairs of strain gages 20.

Vector addition as computed by the computer in display device 28 is done using simple and well-known formulas. If we define the signals from strain gages 20 as representing an X value and a Y value for the pairs of mutually perpendicular strain gages, where the Y direction is defined as the axis aligned with the mid-line of the patient's body, the formula for the magnitude of the vector addition of the two signals becomes:

F _((result))=√(X ² +Y ²)

where F_((result)) is the magnitude of the vector sum of the two signals. Similarly, the formula for the direction of the vector addition of the two signals becomes:

⊖_((result))=Tan⁻¹(X/Y)

where ⊖_((result)) represents the angle of the resulting net force vector with respect to the defined Y axis.

In preparation for the surgery, surgical staff now uses traction application devices to apply traction force to the operative and non-operative limbs of patient 10. While increasing the traction force, display device 28 is watched to monitor the forces applied to the limbs of patient 10, and to ensure that the resulting force vector applied to perineal post 18 does not approach the mid-line of patient 10.

During surgery, the surgeon can occasionally refer to display device 28 to ensure that movement of patient 10 during the surgery has not excessively increased the amount of traction applied to the limbs of patient 10, nor has resulted in force being applied directly along the mid-line of patient 10's body.

Many variations to the apparatus described herein may be constructed without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, although the preferred embodiment uses four strain gages 20, similar results could be obtained using only two such strain gages, or by using other strain-measuring devices. Instead of using wireless connections as described in the preferred embodiment, a directly wired connection would provide a similar function.

While the present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill that the spirit and scope of the invention is not limited to those embodiments, but extend to the various modifications and equivalents as defined in the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A method for indicating the force applied to a patient's body while undergoing surgical traction, comprising the steps of: a) applying traction to one or both of the patient's legs; b) providing a post between the patient's legs in the vicinity of the groin to resist the traction force applied to the patient's leg or legs; c) measuring the force applied to said post by said surgical traction; d) calculating the direction of the force applied to said post by said surgical traction; and e) displaying the direction of said force.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein step c) further comprises the step of measuring a bending moment applied to said post around a first axis substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis through said post.
 3. The method according to claim 2 including the step of measuring a bending moment applied to said post around a second axis substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.
 4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the first axis is substantially perpendicular to the second axis.
 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein step d) further comprises calculating a vector sum of said first and second bending moments.
 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein said first and second axes are in a predetermined orientation relative to the patient's anatomy and including the step of displaying the direction of the vector sum in relation to the patient's anatomy.
 7. The method according to claim 6 including the step of quantifying the magnitude of force applied to one or both legs.
 8. The method according to claim 7 including displaying the magnitude of traction force applied to one or both legs.
 9. The method according to claim 5 including the step of recording the magnitude and direction of the vector sum at regular intervals.
 10. Apparatus for measuring and indicating the magnitude and direction of a traction force applied to the patient's lower limb during surgery, comprising: a perineal post having longitudinal axis and a first measuring element providing a first signal generated by a first bending moment in the post around a first axis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and a second measuring element providing a second signal generated by a second bending moment in the post around a second axis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and substantially perpendicular to the first axis; a load cell to measure the magnitude of a traction force applied to the patient and generate a signal correlating to said magnitude of traction force, a controller configured for receiving said first and second signals from said first and second measuring elements, and for receiving the signal from said load cell, and for calculating the vector sum of said first and second bending moments; and a display configured for displaying the vector sum.
 11. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the display is further configured for displaying the magnitude of traction force.
 12. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the controller includes a recorder for recording the vector sum and magnitude of force.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the first and second axes are aligned in a predetermined relation to a mid-line through the patient's body when the perineal post is located between the patient's legs.
 14. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the first and second signals are proportional to the first and second bending moments, respectively.
 15. Apparatus for measuring and indicating the magnitude and direction of a traction force applied to the patient's lower limb during surgery, wherein the patient is on a surgical table having a perineal post positioned in the patient's groin area and a traction-applying apparatus is attached to one or both of the patient's limbs, comprising: means for measuring the direction of a traction force applied to the patient's limb; means for measuring the magnitude of the traction force applied to the patient's limb; and means for displaying the direction and magnitude of the traction force.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the means for measuring the direction of the traction force includes means for measuring first and second bending moments around the perineal post.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the means for measuring the first bending moment comprises a first pair of strain gages in the perineal post, and the means for measuring the second bending moment comprises a second pair of strain gages in the perineal post.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the each strain gage in the first pair of strain gages is oriented on an opposite side of said perineal post to define a first axis therebetween.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 18 wherein each strain in the second pair of strain gages is oriented on an opposite side said perineal post to define a second axis therebetween, the second axis substantially perpendicular to the first axis.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the means for measuring the magnitude of a traction force applied to the patient is defined by a load cell interposed in the traction-applying apparatus. 